Economic and financial viability of a pig farm in central semi-tropical Mexico: 2022-2026 prospective.

To estimate the economic and financial viability of a pig farm in central sub-tropical Mexico within a 5-year planning horizon, a Monte Carlo simulation model was utilized. Net returns were projected using simulated values for the distribution of input and product processes, establishing 2021 as base scenario. A stochastic modelling approach was employed to determine the economic and financial outlook. The findings reveal a panorama of economic and financial viability. Net income increased by 555%, return on assets rose from 3.36% in 2022 to 11.34% in 2026, and the probability of decapitalization dropped from 58% to 13%, respectively in the aforesaid periods. Similarly, the probability of obtaining negative net income decreased from 40% in 2022 to 18% in 2026. The technological, productive, and economic management of the production unit allowed for a favorable scenario within the planning horizon. There is a growing interest in predicting the economic sectors worth investing in and supporting, considering their economic and development performance. This research offers both methodological and scientific evidence to demonstrate the feasibility of establishing a planning schedule and validating the suitability of the pork sector for public investment and support.

Evaluation of the environmental impacts of the smallholder milk-production system in Central Mexico.

In order to analyze the environmental performance of Smallholder Dairy Farms (SHDFs) located in the State of Mexico, a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) was carried out using two methodological approaches (A1 and A2) to estimate and interpret environmental impacts. A1 consisted in obtaining the average inputs and outputs of 15 SHDFs to generate a representative farm life cycle inventory, while A2 included an individual environmental impact analysis per SHDF to obtain average values of the contributions per analyzed midpoint impact category. The feed production subsystem generated the highest contributions to environmental impacts per liter of raw milk produced. Estimated emissions based on A2 approach, resulted in higher environmental impacts compared to results obtained with A1. The estimated values for the midpoint impact categories obtained with A2: Climate change, Fossil depletion, Terrestrial acidification, and Agricultural land occupation, were 8.73%, 30.77%, 100%, and 20.49% higher compared to A1 approach, respectively. While A2 provides more accurate results, it requires more time and resources compared to the integration of a panel of representative dairy farms.

A multiple-oscillator mechanism underlies antigen-induced Ca2+ oscillations in Jurkat T-cells.

T-cell receptor stimulation triggers cytosolic Ca2+ signaling by inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-mediated Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Ca2+ entry through Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels gated by ER-located stromal-interacting molecules (STIM1/2). Physiologically, cytosolic Ca2+ signaling manifests as regenerative Ca2+ oscillations, which are critical for nuclear factor of activated T-cells-mediated transcription. In most cells, Ca2+ oscillations are thought to originate from IP3 receptor-mediated Ca2+ release, with CRAC channels indirectly sustaining them through ER refilling. Here, experimental and computational evidence support a multiple-oscillator mechanism in Jurkat T-cells whereby both IP3 receptor and CRAC channel activities oscillate and directly fuel antigen-evoked Ca2+ oscillations, with the CRAC channel being the major contributor. KO of either STIM1 or STIM2 significantly reduces CRAC channel activity. As such, STIM1 and STIM2 synergize for optimal Ca2+ oscillations and activation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1 and are essential for ER refilling. The loss of both STIM proteins abrogates CRAC channel activity, drastically reduces ER Ca2+ content, severely hampers cell proliferation and enhances cell death. These results clarify the mechanism and the contribution of STIM proteins to Ca2+ oscillations in T-cells.

La odontología verde / Green dentistry

El propósito del presente trabajo está orientado a generar una reflexión entre el gremio odontológico profesional y los estudiantes de las licenciaturas en Odontología respecto a la contaminación global que estamos generando y a la crítica situación del planeta, así como sus consecuencias ambientales y climatológicas, sobre lo importante que es educar bajo la perspectiva de una Odontología Verde y Sostenible a través de la ambientalización curricular en las escuelas y facultades de Odontología para generar un tipo de cultura y conciencia proambiental. De igual forma para señalar lo sencillo que es ambientalizar agradable y relajantemente nuestro entorno educativo y laboral, así como realizar algunas prácticas odontológicas ecológicas y ambientales en la práctica privada que cuestan poco o nada y que, por el contrario, el gran efecto positivo que éstas tendrán en el medio ambiente y la reducción de los niveles de contaminación actuales. Si realmente logramos generar una nueva cultura y conciencia que se preocupe por el medio ambiente en el campo de la Odontología, los resultados para todos se verán reflejados en un mejor ambiente social, educativo de trabajo y de salud (AU)

The purpose of this work is aimed at generating a reflection between the professional dental guild and the students of the Bachelor's Degrees in Dentistry regarding the global pollution that we are generating and the critical situation of the planet and its environmental and climatological consequences, on how important it is educate under the perspective of a Green and Sustainable Dentistry through the greening of the curriculum in the Schools and Faculties of Dentistry to generate a type of culture and pro-environmental awareness. Likewise, point out how simple it is to pleasantly and relaxingly green our educational and work environment, as well as perform some ecological and environment, as well perform some ecological and environment, dental practices in private practice that cost little or nothing and that, on the contrary, the great positive effect that these will have on the environment and the reduction of current pollution levels. If we truly manage to generate a new culture and awareness that cares about the environment in the field of Dentistry, the results for all will be reflected in a better social, educational, work and health environment (AU)

Ganancia de peso y modificación de la composición corporal después de un trasplante renal / Weight gain and changes in body composition after a kidney transplant

Introducción: Esta constatado un aumento de peso postrasplante renal, entre otros factores, por una reducción de la actividad física en los primeros meses, aumento del apetito y toma de inmunosupresores y corticoides. Objetivo: Conocer la ganancia de peso postrasplante. Determinar relación entre ganancia de peso y comorbilidades. Evaluar la modificación de la composición corporal. Material y Método: Estudio prospectivo, septiembre 2020-abril 2023. Se realizaron mediciones de peso a los 0, 3, 6, 12 meses. Resultados: Se analizaron 92 pacientes, 68,5% varones, edad 58±18,5 años. Peso pretrasplante 72,5 (±5,8), a los 12 meses: 75,10 (±15,7) kg. Se encontraron diferencias entre primero y trasplantes previos (p=0,020). En el análisis de las varianzas de medidas repetidas de peso (p=0,022), las diferencias se mostraron entre el mes 0 y el tercero, el mes 0 y el año y, entre el tercer mes y el año.En la masa muscular (p<0,001), se vieron al comparar el mes 0 con 3º, con 6º y con 12 meses. La masa grasa al comparar 3er mes con 12 meses y la grasa visceral (p=0,032), al comparar 3er mes con 6º y con 12 meses. Conclusión: Tras el trasplante renal se produce un aumento de peso, especialmente a partir del 6º mes, situándose en un 5% al año. La masa muscular aumenta en mayor medida que la masa grasa. Las personas trasplantadas de donante vivo, trasplante previos, con hipertensión y/o enfermedad cardiovascular tienen mayor ganancia de peso. (AU)

Introduction: Weight gain after kidney transplant has been documented, among other factors, due to reduced physical activity in the early months, increased appetite, and the use of immunosuppressants and corticosteroids. Objetives: To understand post-transplant weight gain. Indeed, to determine the relationship between weight gain and comorbidities, as well as, to evaluate changes in body composition. Material and Method: Prospective study, September 2020 to April 2023. Weight measurements were taken at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months. Results: Ninety-two patients were analyzed, 68.5% male, with an average age of 58±18.5 years. Pre-transplant weight was 72.5 (±5.8) kg, and at 12 months, it was 75.10 (±15.7) kg. Differences were found between first-time and repeat transplants (p=0.020). In the analysis of repeated measures of weight (p=0.022), differences were observed between month 0 and the third month, month 0 and one year, and between the third month and one year.In muscle mass (p<0.001), differences were seen when comparing month 0 with the third, sixth, and twelfth months. Fat mass differed when comparing the third month with the twelfth month, and visceral fat (p=0.032) differed when comparing the third month with the sixth and twelfth months. Conclusion: After a kidney transplant, weight gain occurs, especially after the sixth month, reaching 5% per year. Muscle mass increases more than fat mass. People who received kidneys from living donors, those with previous transplants, and those with hypertension and/or cardiovascular disease experience greater weight gain. (AU)

Expression and localization of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in the pig uterus during peri-implantation and determination of the in vitro effect of the angiogenesis inhibitor SU5416 on VEGF system expression.

The aim of this work was to determine endometrial mRNA expression and uterine protein localization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 during the estrous cycle and peri-implantation period in sows. Uterine tissues were collected from pregnant sows on days 12, 14, 16, and 18 after artificial insemination and from non-pregnant animals on days 2 and 12 of the estrous cycle (day 0 = day of estrus). Using immunohistochemistry, a positive signal for VEGF and its receptor VEGFR2 was found in uterine luminal epithelial cells, endometrial glands, stroma, blood vessels, and myometrium. A VEGFR1 signal was only found in endometrial and myometrial blood vessels and stroma. By day 18 of gestation, the mRNA expression levels of VEGF, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 were higher than those observed on days 2 and 12 of the estrous cycle and on days 12, 14, and 16 of gestation. Then, a primary culture of sow endometrial epithelial cells was established to define the potential of the selective inhibition of VEGFR2 after treatment with inhibitor SU5416 and determine its effects on the expression pattern of the VEGF system. The endometrial epithelial cells treated with SU5416 showed a dose-dependent decrease in VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 mRNA expression. The present study provides additional evidence on the importance of the VEGF system during peri-implantation, as well as on the specific inhibitory activity of SU5416 in epithelial cells, which, as demonstrated, express the protein and mRNA of VEGF and its receptors VEGFR1 and VEGFR2.

Influencia de las venas colaterales en la medición del flujo del acceso vascular medicante ecografía y termodilución: estudio observacional / Influence of collateral veins on flow measurement of vascular access using ultrasound and thermodilution: an observational study

Introducción: La ecografía doppler y métodos dilucionales permiten monitorizar el flujo del acceso vascular. La presencia de venas colaterales podría influir en la determinación del flujo del acceso vascular.Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de las venas colaterales en la medición del flujo del acceso vascular por ecografía doppler y por el método de termodilución.Material y Método: Estudio observacional y prospectivo. Se seleccionaron las fístulas arteriovenosas nativas que cumplían los criterios de selección. Se realizó una medición anual del flujo del acceso vascular mediante ecografía-doppler y 2 mediciones trimestrales de termodilución (termodilución-1 y termodilución-2). Para determinar la presencia de venas colaterales se empleó el ecógrafo.Resultados: Se analizaron 38 fístulas arteriovenosas nativas. Los hombres representaban el 78,9% de la muestra. El 23,6% presentaban venas colaterales. Analizando la totalidad de la muestra, se obtuvo correlación lineal entre los flujos por ecografía-doppler con los de termodilución-1 (0,694) y con termodilución-2 (0,678), ambas p<0,001. Al estratificar por venas colaterales, se observó correlación significativa entre ecografía-doppler con termodilución-1 (0,698) y termodilución-2 (0,696) ambas significativas (p<0,001) cuando no existían venas colaterales, correlación no significativa cuando si había venas colaterales.Conclusiones: Existe correlación entre la medición del flujo del acceso vascular obtenido por ecografía-doppler y termodilución; la presencia de venas colaterales modifica esta relación. Es necesario implementar programas de vigilancia del acceso vascular que incluyan diferentes métodos de monitorización, para mitigar el efecto que las venas colaterales tienen en la determinación del flujo del acceso vascular. (AU)

Introduction: Doppler ultrasound and dilutional methods allow monitoring of vascular access flow. The presence of collateral veins may influence the determination of vascular access flow.Objective: To determine the influence of collateral veins on the vascular access flow measurement by Doppler ultrasound and by the thermodilution method.Material and Method: Observational and prospective study. Native arteriovenous fistulas that met the selection criteria were selected. An annual measurement of vascular access flow by Doppler ultrasound and two quarterly thermodilu-tion measurements (thermodilution-1 and thermodilution-2) were performed. Ultrasound was used to determine the pre-sence of collateral veins.Results: Thirty-eight native arteriovenous fistulae were analysed. Males accounted for 78.9% of the sample. Collateral veins were present in 23.6% of cases. Analysing the whole sample, a linear correlation was obtained between ultrasound-Doppler flows with thermodilution-1 (0.694) and thermodilution-2 (0.678), [both p<0.001]. When stratified by collateral veins, when no collateral veins were present, there was a significant correlation between Doppler ultrasound with thermodilution-1 (0.698) and thermodilution-2 (0.696) [both p<0.001)]; whereas the correlation was non-significant when collateral veins were present.Conclusions: There is correlation between vascular access flow measurement obtained by Doppler ultrasound and thermodilution; the presence of collateral veins modifies such relationship. It is necessary to implement vascular access surveillance programs that include different monitoring methods in order to mitigate the effect of collateral veins on vascular access flow determination. (AU)

Negative Consequences on the Growth, Morphometry, and Community Structure of the Kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae, Ochrophyta) by a Short Pollution Pulse of Heavy Metals and PAHs.

The study of pollution effects in the marine environment has become important in recent decades, and the exposure to simultaneous pollutants has become especially relevant. Indeed, the study of key organisms, such as ecosystem engineers, can show a broader view of the effects of pollutants. In this context, we evaluate in situ the effects of a short (7-day) pollution pulse of combined solutions of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Cu + PAHs, Cd + PAHs, Cu + Cd, and Cu + Cd + PAHs) on the development and morphological features of Macrocystis pyrifera sporophytes over a period of 90 days. Additionally, we determined the effects on the community structure associated with this kelp. This study evidenced a smaller number of blades and a decreased size of blades and holdfasts, as well as the death of individuals exposed to a secondary mix of metals (Cu + Cd) and a tertiary mix of pollutants (Cu + Cd + PAHs). Regarding the effects on the accompanying fauna, low richness and diversity were registered. M. pyrifera grazers, according to the mixture of pollutants, were either absent or diminished. These results show that the pulse of contamination in the early stages of M. pyrifera negatively affects its development and morphometry, as well as its role as an ecosystem engineer, due to a negative alteration in the species composition.

Postnatal testicular development in Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs.

The Vietnamese pot-bellied pig is a breed with high investigation potential. However, at the reproductive level, its testicular characteristics are still unknown, as well as the different stages of its development. Therefore, the objective of this work is to describe the postnatal testicular development of Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs. In this study, we used pigs grouped into the neonatal stage, animals at zero weeks; prepubertal stage, animals at three and eight weeks; pubertal stage, animals at twelve and sixteen weeks; and postpubertal stage animals at twenty, twenty-four, twenty-eight and thirty-two weeks of age. The neonatal stage is characterized by gonocytes at different migration phases. In the prepubertal stage, gonocytes were differentiated into spermatogonia at 3 weeks of age, and the first spermatocytes were observed at 7 weeks of age. Puberty was determined to start at 12 weeks because seminiferous tubules are found with complete spermatogenesis and the highest peaks in positive cell counting of androgen receptors (AR) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) factor that later decreased and further stabilized in the following weeks. In the postpubertal stage, an increase in seminiferous tubule areas was observed. The number of apoptotic cells ranged from low to null at all ages. Testosterone (T) and gonadotropin levels had two important peaks at 3 and 24 weeks. The seminiferous epithelium cycle was found to have 11 stages according to acrosome development. These characteristics of Vietnamese pot-bellied pig testes, which are different from rat testes and more similar to human testicles, make them a viable model to study human male reproductive biology. The postnatal testicular development of pot-bellied pigs is different from the postnatal testicular development of other breeds. Therefore, due to this difference in size and easy manipulation, the Vietnamese pig is an alternative for investigation compared to other pig breeds.

Characterization of an Agarophyton chilense Oleoresin Containing PPARγ Natural Ligands with Insulin-Sensitizing Effects in a C57Bl/6J Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Obesity and Antioxidant Activity in Caenorhabditis elegans.

The biomedical potential of the edible red seaweed Agarophyton chilense (formerly Gracilaria chilensis) has not been explored. Red seaweeds are enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids, which are known natural ligands of the PPARγ nuclear receptor. PPARγ is the molecular target of thiazolidinediones (TZDs), drugs used as insulin sensitizers to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Medical use of TZDs is limited due to undesired side effects, a problem that has triggered the search for selective PPARγ modulators (SPPARMs) without the TZD side effects. We produced Agarophyton chilense oleoresin (Gracilex®), which induces PPARγ activation without inducing adipocyte differentiation, similar to SPPARMs. In a diet-induced obesity model of male mice, we showed that treatment with Gracilex® improves insulin sensitivity by normalizing altered glucose and insulin parameters. Gracilex® is enriched in palmitic acid, arachidonic acid, oleic acid, and lipophilic antioxidants such as tocopherols and ß-carotene. Accordingly, Gracilex® possesses antioxidant activity in vitro and increased antioxidant capacity in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans. These findings support the idea that Gracilex® represents a good source of natural PPARγ ligands and antioxidants with the potential to mitigate metabolic disorders. Thus, its nutraceutical value in humans warrants further investigation.

Synergistic, antagonistic, and additive effects of heavy metals (copper and cadmium) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under binary and tertiary combinations in key habitat-forming kelp species of Chile.

Heavy metals (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent toxicants in coastal environments. Notably, in comparison to individual metal toxicity, knowledge about the effects of HMs and PAHs mixtures on kelps remains scarce. Accordingly, we performed in vitro experiments to determine the individual and combined effects of Cu, Cd, and PAHs on spore release, settlement, and germination on Macrocystis pyrifera and Lessonia spicata, two key-habitat forming kelp species of the coast of the Valparaíso Region in Chile. This region concentrates highly polluting industries, mainly due to unrestrained mining and fossil-fuel energy production. Single Cu, Cd, and PAHs treatments included concentrations in the ranges 5-200, 0.125-2000, and 0.05-100 µg/L, respectively, and a toxic-free treatment. Cu, Cd, and PAHs concentrations causing 20-50% (IC20, IC50) arrested spore release, settlement, and germination were determined, and the results shown in both species that single Cu, Cd, and PAHs IC20 values were generally lower on spore release than on spore settlement and germination, probably due to the absence of a cell wall in spores compared to later stages. Binary equitoxic IC20s mixture treatments changed from an antagonistic response to another with a greater inhibitory effect on spore release, from hour 1 to 7, whereas in IC50 treatments, the response was always antagonistic. The tertiary IC20 mixture of Cu+Cd+PAHs produced generally an antagonistic effect. Remarkably, all IC20 equitoxic mixture treatments showed a synergistic response on spore settlement in both kelps, suggesting that these toxicants are extremely harmful to kelp population persistence near highly polluted sites.

Cirugía de Latarjet-Bankart artroscópico: evaluación tomográfica de la posición del bloque óseo. Primera experiencia chilena / Arthroscopic Latarjet-Bankart procedure

Introducción: Evaluar la precisión de la cirugía artroscópica de Latarjet­Bankart, mediante tomografía computada post operatoria. Describir resultados y complicaciones en la primera serie prospectiva de esta técnica en Chile.Material y Método: Quince pacientes fueron sometidos a cirugía de estabilización mediante la técnica artroscópica de Latarjet­Bankart. Se realizó una evaluación de la posición del injerto de coracoides mediante tomografía computada considerando los índices: ángulo tornillo - superficie articular, tornillo excesivamente largo, distancia línea articular - borde injerto en plano axial (método tangente), distancia borde injerto ­ superficie articular (método del círculo) en planos axial y coronal y relación posición injerto ­ diámetro glenoideo.Resultados: Se obtuvo un ángulo tornillo ­ superficie promedio de 32.9°. En un paciente se objetivó un tornillo de largo excesivo (+ 4 mm). De acuerdo al método tangente axial la distancia fue de 0 mm [0 mm ­ 2,5 mm], método circulo axial 0 mm [-0,8 mm ­ 1 mm], circulo coronal 0 mm [-1 mm ­ 2 mm]. En el 100% de los casos la posición injerto ­ diámetro glenoideo, fue bajo el 50% o subecuatorial. El injerto se encontró en posición "flush" en todos los pacientes. En un paciente fue necesario convertir a cirugía abierta. En un paciente ocurrió una factura parcial del injerto y un paciente presento una fractura de glenoides y una plexitis transitoria de 5 semanas. Un 13% de los pacientes presentó recurrencia al seguimiento a los 2 años.Conclusión: Es factible realizar esta técnica quirúrgica de manera artroscópica, con una baja necesidad de conversión y complicaciones, logrando una posición óptima del injerto.Tipo de estudio: Serie de Casos. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Evaluate the feasibility and precision of arthroscopic Latarjet-Bankart surgery, using computed tomography. Describe outcomes and complications in the first prospective series of this technique in Chile.Method: Fifteen patients underwent surgery using the arthroscopic Latarjet-Bankart technique. We evaluated the position of the coracoid graft by Computed Tomography, considering the following indices: screw angle - joint surface, excessively long screw incidence, joint line distance - graft edge in axial plane (tangent method), distance graft edge - joint surface (circle method) in axial and coronal planes, graft position relationship - glenoid diameter. Results: A screw angle - surface 32.9 ° was obtained. In one patient a screw of excessive length (+ 4mm). According to the axial tangent method the distance was 0mm [0mm - 2.5mm], axial circle method 0mm [-0.8mm - 1mm], coronal circle 0mm [-1mm - 2mm], in 100% of the cases the graft position - glenoid diameter was under 50% or subequatorial. The graft was found in the "flush" position in all patients. In one patient was necessary to convert to open surgery. One patient with partial graft fracture. One patient had a major complication, which was a glenoid fracture and a transient plexitis of 5 weeks. Instability recurrence was observed in 13% of patients at 2 years follow-up.Conclusion: It's feasible to perform this technique arthroscopically, with a low conversion and complications rate, obtaining an optimal position of the graft. Type study: Case Series. Level of Evidence: IV

Asociación entre la deficiencia de sueño y sobrepeso y obesidad en estudiantes de medicina de nueva generación de México: un cambio de paradigma / Association between sleep deficiency and overweight and obesity in new generation medical students in Mexico: a paradigm shift

FUNDAMENTOS: Anteriormente se ha propuesto que la deficiencia de sueño juega un papel importante para el desarrollo de sobrepeso y obesidad, especialmente en carreras con más índice de deficiencia de sueño como la de medicina. El objetivo fue determinar si esta asociación prevalece en estudiantes de medicina de nuevas generaciones (posteriores a 1985). MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal analítico prospectivo. Se evaluó la asociación entre el índice de masa corporal (peso/talla2) y la calidad de sueño mediante el PSQI en 628 estudiantes universitarios de tres facultades de Medicina de Generación Y y posteriores. RESULTADOS: La frecuencia de sobrepeso y obesidad fue sólo de 41,87%, más frecuente en varones (p= 0,0005). Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre mala calidad del sueño y sobre peso y obesidad (p< 0,0001) independientemente de sexo y edad. CONCLUSIONES: La menor frecuencia de obesidad y sobrepeso encontrada sugiere un cambio importante en los hábitos higiénico-dietéticos en los estudiantes de las nuevas generaciones, el cual deberá de ser estudiado. Aún así, la asociación que tiene con la mala calidad de sueño prevalece

BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that sleep deficiency plays an important role for the development of overweight and obesity, especially in careers with bigger index of sleep deficiency such as medicine. The objective of the study was to determine the association between sleep deficiency and overweight and obesity in the medical student of new generation (bornafter 1985). METHODS: Cross sectional study of 628 medicine students. The body mass index (weight/height2) and the quality of sleep were measured by the PSQI in its Spanish version. RESULTS: The frequency of overweight and obesity was 41.87 %, more frequent in males (p=0.0005); A statistically significant association was found between poor quality of sleep and and obesity (p <0.0001) regardless of sex and age. CONCLUSIONS: The lower frequency, lack of associationfound and difference in sexes in obesity and overweight suggests a change in the hygienic-dietetic habits in medical students of new generation that should be studied

Genetic and morphological differentiation of Porphyra and Pyropia species (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) coexisting in a rocky intertidal in Central Chile.

A recent molecular taxonomic study along the Chilean coast (18° S-53° S) described 18 candidate species of bladed Bangiales of which only two were formally described. Few studies focused on local genetic and morphological diversity of bladed Bangiales and attempted to determine their intertidal distribution in contrasting habitats, and none were performed in Chile. To delimit intertidal distributions of genetic species, 66 samples of bladed Bangiales were collected at Maitencillo (32° S) in four zones: a rocky platform, a rocky wall, and two boulders zones surrounded by sandy and rocky bottoms, respectively. These samples were identified based on sequences of the mitochondrial COI and chloroplast rbcL markers. We also collected 87 specimens for morphological characterization of the most common species, rapidly assessing their putative species identity using newly developed species-diagnostic (PCR-RFLP) markers. Eight microscopic and two macroscopic morphological traits were measured. We described and named three of four species that predominate in Maitencillo (including Pyropia orbicularis): Pyropia variabilis Zapata, Meynard, Ramírez, Contreras-Porcia, sp. nov., Porphyra luchea Meynard, Ramírez, Contreras-Porcia sp. nov., and Porphyra longissima Meynard, Ramírez, Contreras-Porcia, sp. nov. With the exception of Po. longissima restricted to boulders surrounded by sandy bottom, and a morphotype of Py. variabilis restricted to rocky walls, the other species/morphotypes have overlapping intertidal distributions. Except for Po. longissima, which is clearly differentiated morphologically (longest and thinnest blades), we conclude that morphology is not sufficient to differentiate bladed Bangiales. Our findings underscore the importance of refining our knowledge of intrinsic and environmental determinants on the distribution of bladed Bangiales.

Expression profile of desiccation tolerance factors in intertidal seaweed species during the tidal cycle.

MAIN CONCLUSION: The transcriptional modulation of desiccation tolerance factors in P. orbicularis explains its successful recuperation after water deficit. Differential responses to air exposure clarify seaweed distribution along intertidal rocky zones. Desiccation-tolerant seaweed species, such as Pyropia orbicularis, can tolerate near 96% water loss during air exposure. To understand the phenotypic plasticity of P. orbicularis to desiccation, several tolerance factors were assessed by RT-qPCR, Western-blot analysis, and enzymatic assays during the natural desiccation-rehydration cycle. Comparative enzymatic analyses were used to evidence differential responses between P. orbicularis and desiccation-sensitive species. The results showed that during desiccation, the relative mRNA levels of genes associated with basal metabolism [trehalose phosphate synthase (tps) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (pdh)] were overexpressed in P. orbicularis. Transcript levels related to antioxidant metabolism [peroxiredoxin (prx); thioredoxin (trx); catalase (cat); lipoxygenase (lox); ferredoxin (fnr); glutathione S-transferase (gst)], cellular detoxification [ABC transporter (abc) and ubiquitin (ubq)], and signal transduction [calmodulin (cam)] increased approximately 15- to 20-fold, with the majority returning to basal levels during the final hours of rehydration. In contrast, actin (act) and transcription factor 1 (tf1) transcripts were down-regulated. ABC transporter protein levels increased in P. orbicularis during desiccation, whereas PRX transcripts decreased. The antioxidant enzymes showed higher specific activity in P. orbicularis under desiccation, and sensitive species exhibited enzymatic inactivation and scarce ABC and PRX protein detection following prolonged desiccation. In conclusion, the reported findings contribute towards understanding the ecological distribution of intertidal seaweeds at the molecular and functional levels.

[Validity, Reliability and Associated Factors of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Adapted to Elderly (IPAQ-E)]. / Medición de la actividad física en personas mayores de 65 años mediante el IPAQ-E: validez de contenido, fiabilidad y factores asociados.

OBJECTIVE: Physical activity contributes to improve health and reduce mortality in older people. The objective was to analyze the validity of content and reliability of the short version of IPAQ-E in elderly people who attended to Fernando el Católico health center between May 2013 and March 2015. METHODS: Validation study of the short version of the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) adapted in Spanish elderly (IPAQ-E). Our sampling was for convenience. The short version of IPAQ in Spanish USA was used and its activities were adapted to Spanish elderly. Two measurements of IPAQ-E with 15 days between them were used to analyze the intraobserver reliability. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to measure intraobserver reliability, Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency (CI) and Spearman correlation coefficients (CS) to analyze the correlation between IPAQ-E and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). RESULTS: The sample was 139 people, average age 73,18 years. Intraobserver reliability total was 0.914, besides exceeded 0.9 in the three dimensions of the questionnaire. The CI was 0.518; It exceeded 0.8 in the rest of dimensions of IPAQ-E. The CS between IPAQ-E Total and SPPB was (Rho 0.435), between the total scores SPPB and walking activity was (Rho 0.426), and the score vigorous activity was (Rho 0,248). CONCLUSIONS: The IPAQ-E is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring mobility in Spanish elderly. However, more studies about its validity will be required in the future.

OBJETIVO: La actividad física en las personas mayores contribuye a mejorar su estado de salud y a disminuir la mortalidad. El objetivo fue analizar la validez de contenido y fiabilidad de la versión corta del cuestionario internacional de la actividad física adaptado a personas mayores de 65 años (IPAQ-E) en el centro de salud Fernando el Católico de Zaragoza entre mayo 2013 y marzo de 2015. METODOS: Estudio de validez de contenido y fiabilidad del IPAQ-E. Se realizó muestreo por conveniencia. Se utilizó la versión corta del IPAQ en español de Estados Unidos y se adaptó a actividades realizadas por personas mayores españolas. Para analizar la fiabilidad intraobservador se realizaron dos mediciones del IPAQ-E con 15 días de diferencia. Se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación intraclase para la fiabilidad intraobservador, el alfa de Cronbach para la consistencia interna (CI) y el coeficiente de Spearman (CS) para analizar la correlación entre IPAQ-E y Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). RESULTADOS: Participaron 139 personas, edad media de 73,18 años. Fiabilidad intraobservador total 0,914 y superó el 0,9 en las tres dimensiones del cuestionario. CI 0,518; superó el 0,8 en el resto de dimensiones del IPAQ-E. CS entre IPAQ-E total y SPPB (Rho 0,435), y entre puntuaciones totales del SPPB con actividades caminar (Rho 0,426) y vigorosas (Rho 0,248). CONCLUSIONES: El IPAQ-E es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir la movilidad en personas mayores españolas. Son necesarios más estudios para añadir información sobre la validez de este instrumento.

Medición de la actividad física en personas mayores de 65 años mediantes el IPAQ-E: validez de contenido, fiabilidad y factores asociados / Validity, reliability and associated factors of the International Questionnaire Adapted to Elderly (IPAQ-E)

Fundamentos: La actividad física en las personas mayores contribuye a mejorar su estado de salud y a disminuir la mortalidad. El objetivo fue analizar la validez de contenido y fiabilidad de la versión corta del cuestionario internacional de la actividad física adaptado a personas mayores de 65 años (IPAQ-E) en el centro de salud Fernando el Católico de Zaragoza entre mayo 2013 y marzo de 2015. Métodos: Estudio de validez de contenido y fiabilidad del IPAQ-E. Se realizó muestreo por conveniencia. Se utilizó la versión corta del IPAQ en español de Estados Unidos y se adaptó a actividades realizadas por personas mayores españolas. Para analizar la fiabilidad intraobservador se realizaron dos mediciones del IPAQ-E con 15 días de diferencia. Se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación intraclase para la fiabilidad intraobservador, el alfa de Cronbach para la consistencia interna (CI) y el coeficiente de Spearman (CS) para analizar la correlación entre IPAQ-E y Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Resultados: Participaron 139 personas, edad media de 73,18 años. Fiabilidad intraobservador total 0,914 y superó el 0,9 en las tres dimensiones del cuestionario. CI 0,518; superó el 0,8 en el resto de dimensiones del IPAQ-E. CS entre IPAQ-E total y SPPB (Rho 0,435 y p < 0,01), y entre puntuaciones totales del SPPB con actividades caminar (Rho 0,426 p < 0,01) y vigorosas (Rho 0,248 p< 0,01). Conclusiones: El IPAQ-E es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir la movilidad en personas mayores españolas. Son necesarios más estudios para añadir información sobre la validez de este instrumento (AU)

Background: Physical activity contributes to improve health and reduce mortality in older people. The objective was to analyze the validity of content and reliability of the short version of IPAQ-E in elderly people who attended to Fernando el Católico health center between May 2013 and March 2015. Methods: Validation study of the short version of the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) adapted in Spanish elderly (IPAQ-E). Our sampling was for convenience. The short version of IPAQ in Spanish USA was used and its activities were adapted to Spanish elderly. Two measurements of IPAQ-E with 15 days between them were used to analyze the intraobserver reliability. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to measure intraobserver reliability, Cronbach’s alpha for internal consistency (CI) and Spearman correlation coefficients (CS) to analyze the correlation between IPAQ-E and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Results: The sample was 139 people, average age 73,18 years. Intraobserver reliability total was 0.914, besides exceeded 0.9 in the three dimensions of the questionnaire. The CI was 0.518; It exceeded 0.8 in the rest of dimensions of IPAQ-E. The CS between IPAQ-E Total and SPPB was (Rho 0.435 and p <0.01), between the total scores SPPB and walking activity was (Rho 0.426 p <0.01), and the score vigorous activity was (Rho 0,248 p<0,01). Conclusions: The IPAQ-E is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring mobility in Spanish elderly. However, more studies about its validity will be required in the future (AU)

Descripción de los instrumentos de medida de la movilidad en personas mayors de 65 años. Revisón sitemática / Mobility assessment in elderly people. Description of measuring instruments for mobility. A review

Fundamentos: Las personas mayores de 65 años son quienes presentan diferentes niveles de limitaciones funcionales. Existen múltiples instrumentos de medición de la movilidad en este grupo de edad y una falta de consenso internacional sobre cuáles son los más idóneos. El objetivo fue describir los instrumentos de medición de la movilidad en personas mayores de 65 años, determinar sus ventajas y limitaciones y comparar las características de validez de cada instrumento para poder establecer cuáles son los más válidos para este fin. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de la bibliografía sobre instrumentos utilizados para medir la movilidad en personas mayores de 65 años publicados entre 2001 a 2013. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos Pubmed y Science Direct. Resultados: Los 34 artículos seleccionados permitieron agrupar los instrumentos en 4 grupos: agua doblemente marcada (DLW), detectores de movimiento, medidas objetivas de la movilidad y cuestionarios. Del total de artículos, 23 correspondieron a cuestionarios, 4 fueron sobre acelerómetros, 3 sobre medidas objetivas de la movilidad y 2 tanto sobre podómetros como DLW. Los otros 2 hacían referencia al análisis combinado de diferentes instrumentos. Conclusiones: Las medidas de movilidad más precisas se obtienen evaluando datos objetivos y subjetivos. Para obtener datos objetivos se usan las medidas objetivas de la movilidad frente a podómetros y acelerómetros, mientras que los cuestionarios son utilizados para obtener datos subjetivos debido a su facilidad de uso y a los datos sociodemográficos que aportan. Entre los instrumentos, el Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) y el Minesotta Leisure Time resultan los instrumentos más idóneos para medir la movilidad de las personas mayores en España (AU)

Background: People over 65 are the ones who have higher levels of functional limitations. There are many instruments to measure mobility in this age range that causes a lack of international consensus on what are the most suitable for this purpose. The aim is to analyze and identify which instruments provide greater data reliability and validity in measuring mobility in elderly people. Methods: Systematic review of the instruments used to measure mobility in people over 65 years published between 2001-2013, conducted in PubMed and Science Direct. Results: The 34 items selected instruments were grouped into 4 categories: doubly labeled water (DLW), motion detectors, objective measures of mobility and questionnaires. We identified, 23 are questionnaires, 4 accelerometers, 3 to objective measures of mobility and 2 both pedometers as DLW. The other 2 to combined analysis of different instruments. Conclusions: We conclude that assessing objective and subjective data obtains the most accurate measures of mobility. To obtain objective data, objective measures of mobility will be opposed to pedometers and accelerometers, while questionnaires were selected for subjective data due to its ease of use and sociodemographic data that provides. Among these instruments, the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and Minnesota Leisure Time are the most appropriate instruments to estimate the mobility of the elderly in Spain (AU)

[Mobility assessment in elderly people. Description of measuring instruments for mobility: a review]. / Descripción de los instrumentos de medida de la movilidad en personas mayores de 65 años: revisión sistemática.

BACKGROUND: People over 65 are the ones who have higher levels of functional limitations. There are many instruments to measure mobility in this age range that causes a lack of international consensus on what are the most suitable for this purpose. The aim is to analyze and identify which instruments provide greater data reliability and validity in measuring mobility in elderly people. METHODS: Systematic review of the instruments used to measure mobility in people over 65 years published between 2001-2013, conducted in PubMed and Science Direct. RESULTS: The 34 items selected instruments were grouped into 4 categories: doubly labeled water (DLW), motion detectors, objective measures of mobility and questionnaires. We identified, 23 are questionnaires, 4 accelerometers, 3 to objective measures of mobility and 2 both pedometers as DLW. The other 2 to combined analysis of different instruments. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that assessing objective and subjective data obtains the most accurate measures of mobility. To obtain objective data, objective measures of mobility will be opposed to pedometers and accelerometers, while questionnaires were selected for subjective data due to its ease of use and sociodemographic data that provides. Among these instruments, the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and Minnesota Leisure Time are the most appropriate instruments to estimate the mobility of the elderly in Spain.

Performance of small-scale dairy farms in the highlands of central Mexico during the dry season under traditional feeding strategies.

In Mexico, small-scale dairy systems (SSDS) represent over 78 % of dairy farms and contribute with 37 % of national milk production; however, they face high feeding costs. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of SSDS during the dry season in terms of milk yields, milk composition and feeding costs under traditional feeding strategies, to identify areas of opportunity for improving their profitability. The information was collected from 22 SSDS every month during dry season. Feeds were classified in quality forages (QF), supplements (SU) and straws (ST). Two factors were identified: factor 1-a positive relationship among QF, SU, milk yield and ration cost and factor 2-represented straw usage. Four feeding strategies were identified: (1) low-cost feeding strategy; (2) home-grown feeding strategy; (3) high-cost feeding strategy; and (4) straw-based feeding strategy. There were differences (P < 0.001) among feeding strategies for QF, SU, ST, total dry matter offered (TDMO), ration cost (RC), external inputs, home-grown inputs and milk yield. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences among feeding strategies for fat and protein contents in milk. It is concluded that to improve performance and profitability and enhance sustainability in SSDS, farmers should base feeding strategies on home-grown quality forages, as it was the case in group 2 which showed lower feeding cost and better milk yield. It is also recommended to increase the inclusion of quality forages like grazing pastures and maize silages during the dry season and to avoid the inclusion of straws.